- Glucose is generally metabolized into pyruvate. and it then enters the Citric acid cycle(Krebs cycle or TCA cycle) via a dehydrogenase enzyme.
- In anaerobic condition. pyruvate is metabolized into lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) which convert pyruvate into lactate, vice versa
- $$ \text{Pyruvate} + \text{NADH} + \text{H}^+ \rightarrow \text{Lactate} + \text{NAD}^+ $$
- $$ \text{Lactate} + \text{NAD}^+ \rightarrow \text{Pyruvate} + \text{NADH} + \text{H}^+ $$
- Both processes need the NAD+ which is made by Vitamin B3(Niacin)
- To metabolize both Lactate and pyruvate into acetyl-CoA (which is called pyruvatd dehydrogenase complex, PDC) needs Vitamin B1(thiamin), B3(Niacin), B5(Pantothenic acid), and Lipoic acid.
- If not sufficient pyruvate and Lactate may build up and become elevated.
- $$ \text{Pyruvate} + \text{CoA} + \text{NAD}^+ \rightarrow \text{Acetyl-CoA} + \text{CO}_2 + \text{NADH} $$
- The coenzymes mentioned above all work together tightly coordinated manner.
- Thiamin converted into thiamine pyrophosphate(TPP) - decarboxylation of pyruvate
- Niacin is a precursor for NAD+
- Pantothenic acid is a component of Coenzyme A(CoA)
- Lipoic acid acts as a cofactor for the dihydrolipoyl transacetylase component of the PDC. it facilitates the transfer of the acetyl group to CoA and also helps in the regeneration of enzyme complex.
- Also the CoQ10 is not involve the LDH and PDC process but is recommended for high Urine lactate.
- which is to support mitochondrial function, enhance energy metabolism, provide antioxidant protection, and may help reduce symptoms associated with metabolic dysfunction.
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